Eastern Mediterranean Guide Article List

=Energy Industry Background=

The Basics
Crude Oil Qualities

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Flaring

Offshore Drilling

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Oil Field Depletion

Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques

Oilfield services industry

Reserves
Hydrocarbon Reserves of the Eastern Mediterranean

Definition of Hydrocarbon Reserves

Unconventional Energy Sources in the Eastern Mediterranean

Other Extractive Industries in the Eastern Mediterranean

The 'Energy Mix'

The 'Energy Mix' in the Eastern Mediterranean

Energy Governance
Energy Governance Weak Points

Dependency on Extractives Revenues

Dependence on extractives revenues in the Eastern Mediterranean

Fuel Subsidies

Fuel Subsidies in the Eastern Mediterranean

Pipelines and Transit Fees

Export Land Model

=Historical Overview=

History and Discovery of Fields in the Eastern Mediterranean

=Social and Environmental Context=

Energy Industry and Conflict in Israel

Environmental Impact of Extractive Industries in the Eastern Mediterranean

=Regulatory Framework=

Overview of Regulatory Framework in the Eastern Mediterranean

UN Law of the Sea Convention

Offshore Exploratory Drilling Licenses

Farm-out Agreements

Deep Water Contractors

Sovereign Wealth Funds in the Eastern Mediterranean

Exclusive Economic Zones in the Eastern Mediterranean

=Regional Dynamics=

Turkey's Role in the Eastern Mediterranean

Greece as a Transit Country

Energy Security for Israel

= Foreign Energy Dependency in Israel =

Until the first discovery of hydro reserves, just off of the coast, Israel has been almost entirely dependent on foreign energy since its founding. In 2011, Israel imported 98% of its oil needs and 57% of its natural gas for consumption

= History of Israeli Energy Sources =

Israel has shifted among sources depending on the regional political atmosphere of the time. During Reza Shah Pahlavi’s rule, Israel received … of it’s oil from Iran via the Tapline Oil Pipeline which began operations in 1968. This relationship was quickly put to a halt after the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, forcing Israel to look elsewhere. For the purpose of energy security, Israel agreed to return control of the Sinai peninsula to Egypt the which it had acquired during the six day war in a treaty that stipulated “Israel shall be fully entitled to make bids for Egyptian-origin oil not needed for Egyptian domestic oil consumption." In another treaty of the same year, the U.S. government promised to supply Israel with oil in the event that Israel is unable to secure its needs in times of crisis Recently, a deal struck between Israel and Egypt in 2005 that guaranteed that Israel could buy Egyptian natural gas below the market price via an underseas pipeline that delivers the gas to Southern Israeli coastal city Ashkelon. However, this deal was recently terminated due to a payment dispute between the two countries. This is significant because before the disruptions, Egypt was said to have provided Israel’s electric utility with 40 percent of its natural gas, which makes up about a third of its total fuel. This cozy relationship was very unpopular among Egyptians, however. Since the ouster of Mubarak in 2011, the pipeline has been attacked at least of times, ultimately leading to the abandonment of the deal.

= Natural Gas and the Future of Energy Security =

Natural gas is the fastest growing source of energy in Israel. In 2003, approximately 33% of electricity was generated by natural gas and approximately 64% by coal. A UBS report estimates that, as soon as 2013, 46% of electricity production will be coal-based and 48% will be natural gas-based; and that by 2020, 80% of Israel’s electricity production will come from natural gas. In 2010, Israel consumed 5.3 BCM of natural gas, of which 90% went to electricity generation. Yam Thetis supplied approximately 60% of consumption, with the remainder supplied by Egyptian gas company EMG. In 2010, 40% of electricity in Israel was generated from natural gas, leading to savings of 1.4 billion dollars for the economy. By 2015, the rate of natural gas consumption is expected to rise to 50%. At the same time, natural gas production from new reserves will be increased, and the transmission and distribution systems will be upgraded.

Lebanon's claim on Leviathan

Israel-Cyprus

Turkey-Israel

=State-owned Entities=

State-owned Entities in Syria

State-owned Entities in Lebanon

State-owned Entities in Palestinian Territories

State-owned Entities in Israel

State-owned Entities in Jordan

State-owned Entities in Turkey

=Private Entities=

IOCs
Noble Energy

Isaramco Negev

Delek Drilling

Avner Oil Explorations

Dor Gas Exploration

Financial Players
Financial Players in Eastern Mediterranean Region

Consortiums
Leviathan consortium

=Key Infrastructure=

Overview of Infrastructure in the Eastern Mediterranean

Refineries and Plants
Banias Refinery

Homs Refinery

Liquefaction Plant in Israel (proposed)

Pipelines
Tapline Oil Pipeline

Terminals
LNG Terminals in the Eastern Mediterranean

=Oil and Gas Fields=

Oil and Gas Fields of the Eastern Mediterranean

Leviathan Gas Field

Tamar Gas Field

=Resource Transparency Opportunities=

Resource Curse

Natural Resource Charter

Resource Transparency Movement

Resource Transparency Movement in the Eastern Mediterranean

Transparency of Contracts

EITI

Global Anti-Corruption Legislation

Global Witness

Revenue Watch Institute

Transparency International

Transparency of Global Oil Companies (TI Report)

WikiLeaks